Title Obrasci i poremećaji hranjenja prisutni kod djece i odraslih s ADHD-om Title (english) Eating patterns and disorders present in children and adults with ADHD Author Maja Vlahek Mentor Daniela Cvitković (mentor)Committee member Daniela Cvitković (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Anamarija Žic Ralić (član povjerenstva)Committee member Ana Wagner Jakab (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2022-09-20, Croatia Scientific / art field, SOCIAL SCIENCES Abstract Većina djece i odraslih s ADHD-om ima barem jedan paralelni poremećaj mentalnog zdravlja. Poremećaji hranjenja jedan su takav primjer pridružene psihopatologije. Rezultati istraživanja relativno dosljedno podupiru korelaciju između ADHD-a i poremećaja hranjenja, no neki autori navode kako je ovo nedovoljno prepoznat problem. Također, točni mehanizmi koji se nalaze u podlozi ove povezanosti nisu u potpunosti jasni. Ovaj pregled literature za cilj je imao pružiti moguća objašnjenja povezanosti ADHD-a i poremećaja hranjenja sažimanjem rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja. Od posebnog je interesa bilo istražiti s kojim je vrstama poremećaja hranjenja ADHD najčešće povezan. Disregulirani obrasci hranjenja također su uzeti u obzir, uz obrazloženje da predstavljaju čimbenike rizika za razvoj kliničkih poremećaja hranjenja te su od istih daleko češći. Pregledom dvadeset i dva istraživanja objavljenih između 2006. i 2022. godine pokazalo se kako su ADHD i njegovi simptomi najviše povezani s prejedajuće/purgativnim obrascima hranjenja, odnosno s bulimijom nervozom (BN), poremećajem s prejedanjem (BED) i anoreksijom nervozom (AN) prejedajuće/purgativnog podtipa. Uz to, čini se kako su poremećaji hranjenja ozbiljniji kad je uz njih prisutan ADHD. Djeca i odrasli s ADHD-om također imaju tendenciju preskakati obroke te češće konzumiraju namirnice niže nutritivne vrijednosti u usporedbi s kontrolnim skupinama. Daljnjom analizom postojeće literature o mogućim uzrocima ove povezanosti identificirano je i opisano nekoliko mogućih mehanizama. Moguće je da promjene u dopaminergičkoj neurotransmisiji tvore predispoziciju za disregulirane obrasce hranjenja, budući da rezultiraju impulzivnošću, teškoćama s izvršnim funkcijama, manjim obraćanjem pozornosti na signale gladi i sitosti te korištenjem hrane kao sredstva za dobivanje trenutne nagrade. Pomaknutim cirkadijalnim ritmovima također bi se moglo objasniti zašto djeca i odrasli s ADHD-om imaju nepravilne obrasce hranjenja. Sekundarne teškoće, nastale opetovanim iskustvima društvene isključenosti i neuspjeha u povezivanju s drugima, također mogu utrti put poremećajima hranjenja ako dijete ili osoba koristi hranu za ublažavanje neugodnih emocionalnih stanja. Razmotrene su metode primarne i sekundarne prevencije, kao i strategije intervencije specifične za ADHD. Pojedinci s ADHD-om i njihova okolina mogli bi imati koristi od razumijevanja ADHD-a i njegovog utjecaja na sva životna područja, pa tako i na odnos s hranom.
Abstract (english) Most children and adults with ADHD have at least one parallel mental health disorder. Eating disorders are one such example of co-occurring psychopathology. Although research findings corroborate the correlation between ADHD and eating disorders relatively consistently, some authors cite this as an under-recognized problem. In addition, the exact mechanisms underlying this correlation are unclear. The purpose of this literature review was to provide possible explanations regarding the ADHD/eating disorders link by summarizing the results of research conducted to date. Of particular interest was to investigate which types of eating disorders ADHD is most often associated with. Dysregulated eating patterns were also considered, the rationale behind their inclusion being they are risk factors for developing clinical eating disorders and are likely far more common than them. A review of twenty-two studies published between 2006 and 2022 showed ADHD and its symptoms to be most commonly associated with binge and/or purge type eating patterns, that is with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED) and the binge/purge subtype of anorexia nervosa (AN). In addition, eating disorders seem to be more severe when ADHD is present. Children and adults with ADHD also tend to skip meals and consume foods of lower nutritive value more often compared to controls. By further analyzing the extant literature on the possible causes of this association, several candidate mechanisms were identified and described. It is possible that the dopaminergic neurotransmission-related changes predispose those with ADHD to eating disorders, as they result in impulsivity, executive function deficits, less attention to internal hunger and satiety cues and the use of food as a means of obtaining an immediate reward. Delayed circadian rhythms could also explain why children and adults with ADHD have irregular eating patterns. Secondary conditions, caused by repeated experiences of social exclusion and failure in connecting with others, can also pave the way for eating disorders if the person or child uses food to alleviate unpleasant emotional states. Primary and secondary prevention methods, as well as ADHD-specific intervention strategies were considered. Individuals with ADHD and others in their environment may benefit from understanding ADHD and how it can impact all areas of life, including relationship with food.
Keywords
ADHD
poremećaji hranjenja
obrasci hranjenja
djeca
odrasli
Keywords (english)
ADHD
eating disorders
eating patterns
children
adults
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:158:918093 Study programme Title: Graduate study of Educational Rehabilitation Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2022-11-04 14:19:58
