| Abstract | Ovisnost o drogama, donedavno gotovo isključivo „muška bolest“, u posljednje vrijeme uznapreduje i u osoba ženskoga spola. S obzirom da promjene u karakteristikama ovog fenomena u konačnici zahtijevaju i modifikacije u tretmanskim intervencijama, svrha ovog rada je osvrnuti se na današnju sliku pojavnosti ovisnosti o drogama kod žena ovisnica, čime se nastoje ublažiti prepreke na putu prema ravnopravnijem položaju žena i muškaraca ovisnika. U skladu s time, cilj rada je analizirati postojeću preglednu i istraživačku literaturu koja se bavi specifičnim obilježjima ovisnosti o drogama kod žena te dati kritički pogled na postojeće modalitete tretmana i njihove ishode.
Osim uvodnog razmatranja ovisničke terminologije, rad se detaljno bavi epidemiološkim obilježjima te obrascima uporabe droga kod žena. Iako žene drogu počinju uzimati kasnije, kod njih se ovisnost brže razvija. Također, žene ovisnice češće zloupotrebljavaju analgetike te tablete za smirenje. Dalje, budući da su upravo u etiologiji primjetne mnoge posebnosti, među kojima se ističe povijest zlostavljanja, središnji dio rada sagledava etiologiju razvoja ženske ovisnosti uz poseban osvrt na ranjive skupine žena ovisnica. Učinci ovisnosti, odnosno implikacije za tretman te pregled trenutnih intervencija razmatraju se u završnom dijelu rada. Žene ovisnice o drogama suočavaju se s većom društvenom stigmatizacijom i diskriminacijom, češće pate od manjka socijalne podrške, te su socioekonomski ugroženije. Unatoč svemu, dostupne tretmanske intervencije nisu prilagođene prirodi ovisnosti kod žena onoliko koliko bi trebale biti.
Analiza dostupne literature tako ukazuje na nužnost daljnje provedbe znanstvenih istraživanja koja se bave isključivo problematikom ovisnosti o drogama kod žena te na primjenu njihovih rezultata za (re)koncipiranje programa tretmana te razvoja sustavnog praćenja učinkovitosti bilo kakvih intervencija. Iako je ponegdje zabilježen napredak u ovom području, u vidu detekcije potreba žena ovisnica te razvoja konkretnih programa tretmana, treba poraditi na njihovoj dostupnosti i pristupačnosti. Veliku prepreku predstavlja i favoriziranje medicinskog, odnosno zanemarivanje psihosocijalnog pristupa, te nedostatak međuresorne suradnje – a upravo je multidisciplinarnost neizostavna kada je riječ o liječenju ovisnosti kod žena. |
| Abstract (english) | Drug addiction, until recently perceived as almost entirely a „men's disease“, has recently been progressing among women as well. Considering the fact that changes in the phenomenology of the addiction ultimately require modifications in treatment, the purpose of this paper is to refer to the appearance of drug addiction among women, which could reduce barriers on the way to equal position of female and male addicts. According to that, the aim of this paper is to analyze the existing both review and research literature that concerns specific characteristics of drug addiction of women and to provide a critical view of the existing treatment and its outcomes.
Apart from a basic introduction to addiction terminology, the paper explains in details epidemiological characteristics and patterns of drug use among women. Although women start taking drugs later in their lives, their addiction develops faster. Also, addicted women abuse analgesics and tranquilizers more often. In addition, since there are many specific features when it comes to the etiology, where the history of abuse stands out, the central part discusses about the causes, the course and development of female addiction, especially among vulnerable groups. At the end, there are listed consequences of addiction and implications for treatment, as is a review of current interventions. Drug-addicted women face greater social stigmatization and discrimination, suffer from a lack of social support more often and are more financially vulnerable. Despite this, available treatment interventions are not as adjusted to the nature of addiction among women as they should be.
Therefore, the analysis of the available literature indicates the necessity of carrying out a further scientific research, focused only on female drug addiction, then the need of applying those results to (re)make treatment programs and the task to develop a systematic valuation of the effectiveness of any interventions. Although some progress has been recorded in this area – for example, detection of the needs of addicted women and development of specific programs, they must become more available and accessible. Also, one of the problem is that the medical approach is being favored while at the same time the psychosocial one is being ignored. Moreover, there is a lack of cooperation between professions, which is the most important step in relation to the treatment of female addiction. |
